Engravings “Caprichos” (Caprices) “Horrors of War” by Francisco de Goya

Engravings Caprichos (Caprices) Horrors of War by Francisco de Goya

Goya takes part in the defense of his hometown of Zaragoza in the war with the French. He creates his second series of engravings – “Horrors of War.” The series consists of 85 sheets. They possess the enormous expressive power of the document, evidence of the eyewitness to this heroic struggle of the Spanish people with Napoleon.

One of the first sheets of the series is dedicated to the Spanish girl Maria Agostina, a participant in the defense of Zaragoza, standing on the mountain of corpses and continuing to shoot when all around were already killed. The sheet is called “What Valor!”. The mutilated crowd, chopped corpses, robberies, violence, shootings, fires, executions – “the artist has never changed either the firmness of his hand or the fidelity of the eye in images that even now make the strongest nerves shake…”

This series is the pinnacle of realistic Goya graphics. There is no allegory in it, everything is extremely clear and highly expressive. The artist widely uses contrasts of light and shadow. Goya resorts to allegory only in those sheets that are devoted to the period of reaction that came after 1814, when he is again forced to speak Aesopian. A horse fighting off a pack of dogs is Spain among enemies. The devil, in the form of a bat, writes down orders “against the common good” in the book… The series ends with images of boundless pessimism.

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